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Lot 90: TOUSSAINT MAURICE

Est: €220 EUR - €280 EURSold:
Rossini Maison de Ventes aux EnchèresParis, FranceMarch 19, 2012

Item Overview

Description

TOUSSAINT Maurice
La Cote d'Emeraude Saint-Malo 1923
non entoilée 75 x 105 cm

Artist or Maker

Notes

A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.

According to French historian Max Gallo, "for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world. Visually striking, they have been designed to attract the attention of passers-by, making us aware of a political viewpoint, enticing us to attend specific events, or encouraging us to purchase a particular product or service."[1] The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to 1870 when the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production possible."In little more than a hundred years," writes poster expert John Barnicoat, "it has come to be recognized as a vital art form, attracting artists at every level, from painters like Toulouse-Lautrec and Mucha to theatrical and commercial designers."[2] They have ranged in styles from Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Cubism, and Art Deco to the more formal Bauhaus and the often incoherent hippie posters of the 1960s.

By the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. A number of noted artists created poster art in this period, foremost amongst them Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Jules Chéret. Chéret is considered to be the "father" of advertisement placards. He was a pencil artist and a scene decorator, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He used striking characters, contrast and bright colours, and created over 1000 advertisements, primarily for exhibitions, theatres, and products. The industry soon attracted the service of many aspiring painters who needed a source of revenue to support themselves.Chéret developed a new lithographic technique that suited better the needs of advertisers: he added a lot more colour which, in conjunction with innovative typography, rendered the poster much more expressive. Not surprisingly, Chéret is said to have introduced sex in advertising or, at least, to have exploited the feminine image as an advertising ploy. In contrast with those previously painted by Toulouse-Lautrec, Chéret's laughing and provocative feminine figures meant a new conception of art as being of service to advertising.Posters soon transformed the thoroughfares of Paris into the "art galleries of the street." Their commercial success was such that some of the artists were in great demand and theatre stars personally selected their own favorite artist to do the poster for an upcoming performance. The popularity of poster art was such that in 1884 a major exhibition was held in Paris.

By the 1890s, poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, advertising everything from bicycles to bullfights. By the end of the 19th century, during an era known as the Belle Époque, the standing of the poster as a serious artform was raised even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules Chéret created the Maîtres de l'Affiche (Masters of the Poster) series that became not only a commercial success, but is now seen as an important historical publication. Alphonse Mucha and Eugène Grasset were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylized figures, particularly of women. Advertisement posters became a special type of graphic art in the modern age. Poster artists such as Théophile Steinlen, Albert Guillaume, Leonetto Cappiello, Henri Thiriet and others became important figures of their day, their art form transferred to magazines for advertising as well as for social and political commentary.In the United States, posters did not evolve to the same artistic level. American posters were primarily directed towards basic commercial needs to deliver a written message. However, the advent of the travelling circus brought colourful posters to tell citizens that a carnival was coming to town. But these too were very commercially utilitarian, of average quality, and few saw any real artistic creativity.Many posters have had great artistic merit and have become extremely collectible. These include the posters advertising World's Fairs and Colonial Exhibitions.

Other times of great turmoil also produced great posters. The 1960s w the rise of pop art and protest movements throughout the West; both made great use of posters. Perhaps the most acclaimed posters were those produced by French students during the so-called "événements" of May 1968. During the 1968 Paris student riots and for years to come, Jim Fitzpatrick's stylized poster of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara (based on the photo Guerrillero Heroico), also became a common youthful symbol of rebellion.

During the First and Second World Wars, recruiting posters became extremely common, and many of them have persisted in the national consciousness, such as the "Lord Kitchener Wants You" posters from the United Kingdom, the "Uncle Sam wants you" posters from the United States, or the "Loose Lips Sink Ships" posters[4] that warned of foreign spies. Posters during wartime were also used for propaganda purposes, persuasion, and motivation, such as the famous Rosie the Riveter posters which exhorted women workers during World War II that "We can do it!". The Soviet Union also produced a plethora of propaganda posters,[5] some of which became iconic representations of the Great Patriotic War. During the democratic revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe the poster was very important weapon in the hand of the opposition. Brave printed and hand-made political posters appeared on the Berlin Wall, on the statue of St. Wenseslas in Prague and around the unmarked grave of Imre Nagy in Budapest and the role of them was indispensable for the democratic change. A recent example of an influential political poster is Shepard Fairey's Barack Obama "HOPE" poster.

Poster advertising or proposing a travel destination, or simply artistically articulating a place have been made. An example is the Beach Town Posters series, a collection of Art Deco travel posters of American beach resorts that refer to the advertising style of the 1920s and 1930s. A site dedicated to modern Travel Posters is SevenDays-in:[8] photographers of the world are selected to sell on line their photos.

In the early days of steam railways in Britain, the various rail companies advertised their routes and services on simple printed sheets. By the 1850s, with increasing competition and improvements in printing technology, pictorial designs were being incorporated in their advertising posters. The use of graphic artists began to influence the design of the pictorial poster. In 1905, the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) commissioned Norman Wilkinson to produce artwork for a new landscape poster, advertising their rail/steam packet link to Ireland. In 1908, for the Great Northern Railway (GNR), John Hassall produced the famous image of the "Jolly Fisherman" with the "Skegness is so Bracing" slogan. The development of this commercial art form throughout the first half of the 20th century reflected the changes in British society, along with the changing styles of art, architecture and fashion as well as changing patterns of holidaymaking.

Posters advertising events have become common. Any sort of public event, from a rally to a play, may be advertised with posters; a few types of events have become notable for their poster advertisements.

The resurgence of comic book popularity in the 1960s led to the mass production of comic book posters in the 1970s and onward. These posters typically feature popular characters in a variety of action poses. The fact that comic books are a niche market means that a given poster usually has a smaller printing run than other genres of poster. Therefore, older posters may be quite sought after by collectors. Promotional posters are usually distributed folded, whereas retail posters intended for home decoration are rolled.

Im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts schließlich, unter dem Druck des zunehmend harten ökonomischen Wettbewerbs, erwies sich intensive Werbung als unverzichtbar. Zum bedeutendsten Werbemittel der Zeit wurde das Plakat. Seither hat es sich scheinbar kaum verändert. Damals wie heute wurde es in hoher Auflage auf Papier gedruckt, war groß, farbig, auffällig, enthielt Bild und Schrift in möglichst sinnvoller Anordnung und wollte etwas mitteilen. Tatsächlich hat sich aber - neben dem Stil der Darstellungen - in der Zwischenzeit vieles geändert, ohne dass dies auf den ersten Blick erkennbar wäre:
Die Entwurfstechnik. Nach über hundert Jahren allenfalls gradueller Fortschritte bei der manuellen Herstellung der Entwürfe - etwa durch die Verwendung von Fotografie und Fotomontage, Airbrush-Technik oder Fotosatz - begann mit dem Einsatz leistungsfähiger Computer eine Revolution auf diesem Gebiet. Heute entsteht grafisches Design fast ausnahmslos am Rechner.


Im Jahr 1896[1] gründete Wilhelm Schell in Offenburg eine Glasplakatefabrik, die er bis 1934 leitete. Das Glasplakat war ein eigenständiges Werbemittel, die Plakate wurden direkt auf das Glas aufgebracht, und damit durch das Glas geschützt, so das sie zum Außeneinsatz verwendet werden konnten.

Plakatentwurf und -herstellung lagen bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts fast ausschließlich in den Händen von Druckern und Lithographen. Mit den gestiegenen Anforderungen an die Qualität von Plakaten waren sie vielfach überfordert. Nun nahmen sich Künstler der Sache an, zuerst in England und besonders in Frankreich. Jules Chéret, der als Pionier der Plakatkunst gilt, war sowohl Handwerker als auch Künstler. Als gelernter Lithograph arbeitete er mehrere Jahre in London, lernte dort, wie große Papierformate zu drucken waren und entwarf als künstlerischer Autodidakt unter anderem Plakate für Oper und Zirkus. Zurück in Paris, nun Besitzer einer eigenen Druckerei, vereinfachte er die komplizierte Farblithographie so weit, dass auch für gute Farbdrucke nur noch drei bis fünf Steine benötigt wurden, statt bis zu 25, wie bisher.
Das senkte die Kosten ganz erheblich und war eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die weite Verbreitung qualitativ hochwertiger Plakate. Es erlaubte auch den Künstlern der Zeit, mit der vereinfachten Technik zu arbeiten. Chéret selbst schuf eine Vielzahl von schwungvoll illustrativen Plakaten, auf denen jeweils eine attraktive, relativ leicht bekleidete junge Frau für Vergnügungsstätten, für Wermut, Zigaretten oder Petroleum warb. Diese Darstellungen wurden vom Publikum begeistert aufgenommen, sicher auch deshalb, weil Chéret Bilder und Texte zu prägnanter Einheit zusammenfügte und sich grundsätzliche Gedanken über Reklame gemacht hatte: „Der Plakatkünstler [...] muss etwas erfinden, das selbst den Durchschnittsmenschen anhält und anregt, wenn er vom Pflaster oder Wagen aus das Bild der Straße an seinen Augen vorbeieilen läßt".
Anerkannte Maler und Graphiker nahmen Aufträge für Plakate an. So entstanden Meisterwerke des lithografischen Künstlerplakats, etwa von Eugène Grasset (Librairie Romantique, 1887), Pierre Bonnard (France Champagne, 1889), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (Moulin Rouge - La Goulue, 1891) und von Alphonse Mucha, der durch seine Entwürfe für die Schauspielerin Sarah Bernhardt berühmt wurde. Muchas Arbeiten gelten als erste Höhepunkte für die Graphik des Jugendstils (in Frankreich: Art Nouveau), der beherrschenden Kunstströmung der Belle Époque. Frankreich war das frühe Zentrum dieser Entwicklung.


Alle Strömungen der Bildenden Kunst - Kubismus, Futurismus, Dadaismus und Expressionismus - hinterließen Spuren in der Werbegrafik jener Zeit. Die russischen Konstruktivisten in der Sowjetunion der 1920er Jahre - El Lissitzky, Alexander Rodtschenko und andere - beeinflussten mit ihrem strengen „agitatorischen" Stil auch das westliche Design. Hier suchten Bewegungen wie De Stijl (eine niederländische Künstlervereinigung seit 1917) und das Bauhaus (1919 in Weimar gegründet) nach einer auf alle Gestaltungsbereiche - also auch auf das Plakat - anwendbaren Ästhetik, nach einer weitgehend abstrakten Formensprache, die aus der Variation weniger, grundsätzlicher Elemente bestand. Als einflussreichste Plakatgestalter am Bauhaus gelten Herbert Bayer und Joost Schmidt. Bayer war seit 1921 Schüler, dann Geselle am Bauhaus, von 1925 bis 1928 leitete er die neu eingerichtete Druckerei und die Reklame-Abteilung. Schmidt hatte 1919 als Schüler am Bauhaus begonnen und wurde 1928 Nachfolger von Herbert Bayer als Leiter seiner Abteilung. Weitere Bauhausplakate stammen von Karl Straub, Max Gebhard, Max Bill und anderen.

Zeitlich etwa parallel zum Bauhaus-Design entwickelte sich die Formensprache des Art Déco, ebenfalls eine internationale Stilrichtung, die alle Lebensbereiche umfasste, von der Architektur bis zum Plakat. Auch hier wurden Formen vereinfacht, jedoch nicht so rigoros wie am Bauhaus. Einzelne, eindeutige Stilmerkmale waren nicht vorhanden. Einflüsse kamen wiederum aus der aktuellen Bildenden Kunst, aber auch aus der Kunst Persiens, Ägyptens und Zentralafrikas. Der vorherrschende Eindruck war der von gefälliger Eleganz. Der Begriff Art Déco war abgeleitet von einer Ausstellung, die 1925 in Paris stattfand: „Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriel Modernes". Für die Plakatkunst des französischen Art Déco hatte Leonetto Cappiello in Paris mit vereinfacht gestalteten, meist humoristischen Werbebotschaften schon früh den Weg bereitet. Der Höhepunkt war erreicht mit den eher kühl kalkulierten Arbeiten von A. M. Cassandre, der für seine glatten Oberflächen die Spritzpistole benutzte, so auch für die berühmten plakativen Darstellungen von Ozeanriesen wie der „Normandie" oder der „Atlantique". In Deutschland vertrat in erster Linie Ludwig Hohlwein diesen Stil.
Der französische Künstler Roger Broders warb mit seinen Plakaten in klarem, reduzierten Stil der 1930er Jahre unter anderem für die französischen Eisenbahnen und die von diesen erschlossenen Fremdenverkehrsregionen im Alpenraum.

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg standen Plakate wieder vor allem im Dienst der Kriegspropaganda, wie schon von 1914 bis 1918, sowohl bei den Alliierten wie auf Seiten der faschistischen „Achsenmächte". Das „Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda" der deutschen Nationalsozialisten schrieb dem Plakat besondere Bedeutung für die Beeinflussung der Bevölkerung zu. Untersuchungen wie „Das politische Plakat. Eine psychologische Betrachtung" und „Das Kampfplakat. Wesen und Gesetzmäßigkeit des politischen Plakats..." unterstrichen diese Einstellung.

La gran revolución del cartelismo llegó con la aplicación de la litografía y la utilización del color, que permitieron ilustrar de un modo vibrante y con mayor impacto. Se desarrolló primero en Francia, y en la última década del siglo XIX estaba extendido por toda Europa. Entre los cartelistas más notables estuvieron Alfons Mucha, Jules Chéret y Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, cuyas creaciones se consideraban ya en la época como carteles artísticos.En la década de 1960, con el pop art, los movimientos contraculturales y juveniles, se utilizaron ampliamente los carteles y pósteres. Entre los de mayor trascendencia estuvieron los producidos por estudiantes franceses en Mayo del 68.

Desde la Primera Guerra Mundial los carteles de reclutamiento y de propaganda política se volvieron muy comunes, y muchos persistieron en las conciencias nacionales, como el estadounidense I Want You (El Tío Sam te necesita), o el británico Loose Lips Sink Ships (Hablar sin cuidado hunde barcos), que advertía de los espías. Los totalitarismos del periodo de entreguerras (Unión Soviética, Italia fascista, Alemania nazi) utilizaron el cartel como un medio eficaz de adoctrinamiento de las masas. La guerra civil española presenció una emulación creativa de cartelistas en ambos bandos.

Vantaggi:Impatto visivo
Avere una sorta di monopolio (assieme al poster) per quanto riguarda la pubblicità esterna
Possibilità di essere posizionati in maniera strategica (ad esempio in prossimità di un punto vendita o comunque in aree ben precise)
Possibilità di essere visto da molte persone e per molte volte
Sforzo minimo da parte dei destinatari (che non devono, ad esempio, sintonizzarsi su una rete o acquistare un giornale come invece accade per altri media)
Svantaggi:
Estrema sinteticità (di solito i manifesti sono messi in luoghi di passaggio, ad esempio lungo una strada, dove i tempi a disposizione per la lettura sono minimi)
Impossibilità di essere diretti in maniera selettiva verso uno specifico destinatario (a differenza di altri media è molto più difficile prevedere chi vedrà un manifesto)
Eventuale immagine negativa del medium che può riverberarsi sulla pubblicità (talvolta la cartellonistica ambientale è stata ritenuta deturpante per il paesaggio o l'estetica urbana e distraente per chi guida un veicolo)

Poster (dall'inglese to post, collocare, piazzare, appostare) letteralmente vuol dire affisso, avviso, cartello, cartellone o manifesto; in lingua italiana assume differenti significati.Un poster è un foglio di carta plastificata di grande formato (di solito almeno A3) da appendersi ad una parete. Perlopiù si suole appendere poster all'interno di una casa (a differenza dei manifesti, che vengono affissi per strada), unicamente per il loro valore estetico. I poster in genere raffigurano paesaggi, attori, musicisti, pin-up o altri personaggi famosi, locandine di film, riproduzioni di dipinti, eccetera.







Cartaz (também chamado póster (português europeu) ou pôster (português brasileiro)) é um suporte, normalmente em papel, afixado de forma que seja visível em locais públicos. Sua função principal é a de divulgar uma informação visualmente, mas também tem sido apreciada como uma peça de valor estético. Além da sua importância como meio de publicidade e de informação visual, o cartaz possui um valor histórico como meio de divulgação em importantes movimentos de caráter político ou artístico. Os problemas estruturais e formais são resolvidos pelo projeto de design gráfico.
Raízes
O cartaz tem suas raízes no renascimento. "O primeiro cartaz conhecido é de Saint-Flour, de 1454, feito em manuscrito, sem imagens" (CESAR, 2001). Mas é a partir do uso da técnica da litografia, na segunda metade do século XIX, que o cartaz passa a ter uma estrutura reconhecível como peça de publicidade. Jules Chéret e Alphonse Mucha, na França, ou J. H. Bufford e Louis Prang, nos Estados Unidos, foram grandes designers gráficos que se dedicaram especialmente aos cartazes e tiveram um papel importante no seu desenvolvimento. Nessa época artistas plásticos de renome se dedicaram ao cartaz, como Toulouse-Lautrec entre outros.

Século XX
No século XX o cartaz teve um papel importante no design moderno. O design russo foi influente na evolução do cartaz europeu moderno e na escola de design alemã, a Bauhaus. O cartaz russo se caracterizou pelo envolvimento com as vanguardas artísticas e a propaganda do governo soviético.
Os cartazes construtivistas do designer El Lissitzky são bons exemplos das mudanças estéticas da época, com o uso de formas geométricas, cores puras (como o vermelho e o preto), tipografia sem serifa e de montagens fotográficas.
Das vanguardas europeias à desconstrução pós-modernista o cartaz manteve uma renovação constante, sobrevivendo ao surgimento de novas mídias, como a televisão no pós-guerra.

Een poster, ook wel aanplakbiljet of affiche genaamd, is een bedrukt stuk papier, vaak groter dan A4 dat opgehangen kan worden. Posters worden met name gebruikt voor het bekendmaken van een boodschap of voor persoonlijk gebruik, zoals bij afbeeldingsposters van personen.

Posters kunnen enkel tekst bevatten. Daarmee begint ook de historie van de poster, die in de middeleeuwen werd gebruikt door de overheid om wetswijzigingen en maatregelen aan het volk mede te delen. William Shakespeare gebruikte deze als een van de eersten om zijn voorstellingen aan te kondigen.
Het gebruik van een afbeelding op een poster werd ontwikkeld in Frankrijk en raakte in 1890 in de mode in heel Europa. Men begon posters te maken voor sportwedstrijden en voorstellingen zoals circussen. Daarnaast werden op scholen de eerste educatieve posters in gebruik genomen, waar onder andere wereldkaarten, planten en dieren op afgebeeld stonden.
In de Eerste en Tweede Wereldoorlog werden posters gebruikt voor propaganda. Door middel van deze posters trachtte men de publieke opinie te beïnvloeden.
Gedurende de jaren 40 van de 20e eeuw kwamen de posters voor persoonlijk gebruik op. Het begon met posters van pin-up vrouwen, die erg populair waren bij soldaten aan het front. Daarna volgden posters ter promotie van stripboeken, filmposters en daarmee ook posters van beroemdheden zoals hoofdrolspelers uit films en muziekbands.
In de jaren zestig kwam er een nieuwe stroming in de kunst, die zich vooral liet inspireren door de reclameposters: de Pop-art.

Afiş, Türk Dil Kurumu'nun tanımına göre; "bir şeyi duyurmak veya tanıtmak için hazırlanan, kalabalığın görebileceği yere asılmış, genellikle resimli duvar ilanı, ası" [1] şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır.
Afiş, reklam ya da propaganda yapmak, bir oyun, sergi, ürün ve benzerlerinin duyurulmasında kullanılır. Aynı zamanda güzel sanatlarda bir daldır. Afiş sanatı 19. yy. başında iki ana unsurun bir araya gelmesiyle ortaya çıktı; bir yandan taşbaskı sayesinde metin ve resmin birleşmesi, çoğaltılabilir olması (yüzyılın ikinci yarısında renkli baskı olanağı doğdu), diğer yandan afişin gelişmesi, tüketim mallarının toplu üretiminin ve rekabete dayalı ekonominin ilerlemesine bağlı kaldı. Başlarda küçük boyutlu olup, kitap resimlerini, basın bültenlerini andıran afiş, modern sanat anlayışıyla beraber kendi estetiğini oluşturdu. Kısa ve çarpıcı bir metnin, sade ve resimle beraberliği afişin temel kavramıdır.



Türkiye'de ilk örnekler Osmanlıların son dönemi ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında görülmeye başlandı. Ağırlığı metne dayanan tiyatro, sinema, yardım dernekleri ve Türkiye'de üretilmeyen ürünlerin reklamları afiş yapılıyordu. İlk dönem büyük çoğunluğu yurtdışından gelen afişler, yarı - kapalı ortamlarda (tiyatro girişi, dükkân vitrinleri vb.) sergilendi. İlk Türk afiş sanatçısı, yurt dışında eğitim görüp, 1925 yılında Türkiye'ye dönen İhap Hulusi Görey olmuştur. 1927'de Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi'nde ilk afiş atölyesi açıldı. Hulusi, Alman afiş sanatından etkilenmelerini yapıtlarına yansıttı. Aynı dönemin sanatçılarında Mithat Özar, Paris'te eğitim alarak Akademi'deki atölyenin başına getirildi.



Plakat - rodzaj wyrobu poligraficznego zaliczany do akcydensów. Druk jednostronny dużego formatu (co najmniej A2), o charakterze propagandowym lub reklamowym (nigdy wyłącznie informacyjnym), służący do umieszczania w stałych, publicznych miejscach (rozklejany, umieszczany w witrynach).
Plakat tym różni się od afisza, że nie jest wykonany ze składu, lecz w całości stanowi formę graficzną. Zadrukowywany jest z reguły na całej powierzchni papieru i najczęściej posiada bogatą kolorystykę. Elementy graficzne co najmniej dorównują informacji tekstowej, z reguły jednak dominują. Napisy są często przetworzone artystycznie.


En plakat er et opslag, ofte med information eller reklame - til opklæbning af disse er der mange steder opsat plakatsøjler. Plakater skal kunne vække opmærksomhed på afstand. Den er derfor, visuelt forfinet med enkle former og klare farver. Plakater kan enten være tegnet, malet eller trykt.
Ordet kommer plakat af hollandsk "plakkaat", som er forbundet med "placken", dvs. klæbe eller klistre (svarende til den franske "plakat"). Oprindeligt betegnede plakat en bekendtgørelse af de kongelige dekreter, reskripter, love og krav. En mindre udgave af plakaten, der f.eks. kan være offentliggjort på midtsiderne i ungdomsmagasiner, er ofte omtalt som poster efter det engelske ord for plakat.

Plakatkunsten er den form for grafisk kunst med tæt tilknytning til blandt andet skilte, flyers, teaterprogram, postkort, skillingstryk og træsnit. De ældste plakater vi kender er fra oldtidens Pompeji, men først med bogtrykkerkunsten lige før år 1500 var det muligt at mangfoldiggøre meddelelser og formidle dem som plakater, oftest i form af rene tekstplakater uden illustrationer. Moderne plakater med enkle design og kraftfulde farver opstod samtidigt med farvelitografien af 1800's. Siden Toulouse-Lautrecs berømte plakater har mange billedekunstnere, for eksempel Picasso, Chagall og Matisse, tegnet plakater, og nogle enkelte f.eks. Alfons Mucha og Edward McKnight-Kauffer, gjorde plakatkunsten til deres speciale.



Un poster este o coală mare de hârtie imprimată ce se lipește pe un perete sau pe o suprafață verticală. În mod obișnuit posterele sunt compuse atât din elemente grafice cât și din text, cu toate ca un poster poate fi complet grafic sau complet compus din text. Posterele sunt realizate în așa fel încât să atragă privirile și în același timp să transmită o anumită informație sau un anumit sentiment. Posterele pot fi folosite în multe scopuri și sunt de multe ori unelte ale celor ce se ocupă cu publicitatea (în special pentru evenimente muzicale sau filme), propaganda, proteste sau a altor grupări ce încearcă să transmită un mesaj. Posterele mai sunt folosite și pentru reproduceri de artă, în special lucrări faimoase. Alt tip de postere sunt cele educaționale ce pot trata un anumit subiect în scopuri educative. Mulți oameni colecționează postere, iar unele postere faimoase au devenit destul de valoroase. Dimensiunea convențională pentru posterele grafice tinde să fie in jur de 61x91 cm, cu toate că posterele pot fi de aproape orice dimensiune.

Affisch (ytterst av latinets ad "till", "vid" och figico "fästa") är ett reklam- eller informationsanslag, ofta med en visuellt genomarbetad utformning. Ibland även kallad poster (engelska).

Affischkonst är en form av grafisk konst i skyltar, flygblad, teateraffischer, träsnitt etc. med föregångare i antiken. Färglitografin har starkt präglat affischkonsten.

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Auction Details

Posters - Affiches

by
Rossini Maison de Ventes aux Enchères
March 19, 2012, 02:00 PM CET

7 rue Drouot Face à l’Hôtel Drouot, Paris, 75009, FR

Terms

Buyer's Premium

20.0%

Bidding Increments

From:To:Increment:
€0€99€10
€100€499€50
€500€999€100
€1,000€1,999€200
€2,000€19,999€500
€20,000€49,999€1,000
€50,000+€5,000

Terms and Conditions

1. In accordance with the law, the auctioneer is responsible for the information provided by his catalogues.
A preliminary exposure making it possible to the purchasers to realize the state of the objects put on sale, no complaint will be allowed once the price is pronounced.
Dimensions and estimates are communicated as an indication.
The state of the frameworks is not guaranteed, restorations and relining are regarded as conservation measures and not as factors of depreciation.

2. It is advised to purchasers to carry out the removal of their lots as soon as possible in order to avoid storage and handling charges.
Storage is not of the responsibility of the auctioneer.

3. The highest and last bid will be the winning bid. In the event of double bidding, the lot will be given on sale, all the amateurs present being able to contribute to this second invitation to tender.

4. Purchase lot will become available only after payment in-full has been made.

The sale will be conducted in Euros. Purchasers pay in addition to the hammer price, buyer's premium of 20% + VAT = 23,92%.
The Internet buyers won't pay any other charge, the internet fee is included inside the total VAT hammer price (same as floor bidders).

5. In the event of a sale by a salesman fixed with the margin, VAT will not appear on the invoice.

6. The auctioneer and the expert can execute purchase orders without additional expenses.
The order of the catalogue will follow. If a purchaser wishes to bid by telephone, it is advisable to make the request in writing accompanied by a statement of identity.

7. In the event of payment by check by the purchaser, the transfer of property of the object will take place only after cashing of the check. In the event of payment by uncertified check, the withdrawal of the objects could be differed until cashing of the check.
Purchasers who do not reside in France, will be able to pick up their purchases only after payment per telex or SWIFT. In the absence of payment by check or in cash, the object could be given to auction immediately or following the first opportunity.

Contract

Your Internet bid is a binding and legally enforceable contract.
Please note that the 3% of Internet fee is included in our premium. There are no additional Internet charges.
Please note:
The auctioneer is only responsible for the French information provided by this catalogue.
The English translation is courtesy to the English speakers.
Internet Bidder will pay the same Premium as in the auctionroom.

Payment

We accept Money transfer only. No paypal. Incase we have to use paypal, the paypal fee is will be charged to the buyer.

Shipping

We ship items either via our services or via shipping companies.
Winning Bidders are responsible for arranging shipment after payment is made in full.
It is advised to purchasers to carry out the removal of their lots as soon as possible in order to avoid storage and handling charges.
Storage is not of the responsibility of the auctioneer.
Due to increases in security in many countries International Shipping can now take up to 6 weeks

Premium

Purchasers pay in addition to the hammer price a buyers premium of 20,00% + current VAT
Please note that the 3% of Internet fee is included in our premium. There are no additional Internet charges.

Taxes

Purchasers pay in addition to the hammer price and the buyers premium a
VAT at 20% on the buyers premium.
Total 23.92%
Purchasers will not pay in addition an Internet fee at 3%, The Internet fee is including in the global Premium.
Please note that the 3% of Internet fee is included in our premium. There are no additional Internet charges.

Condition Reports

In accordance with the law, the auctioneer is responsible for the information provided by his catalogues. A preliminary exposure making it possible to the purchasers to realize the state of the objects put on sale, no complaint will be allowed once the price is pronounced.
Dimensions and estimates are communicated as an indication. The state of the frameworks is not guaranteed, restorations and relining are regarded as conservation measures and not as factors of depreciation.
Please Note : The conditions reports are available on request. To receive a report, please contact Madame Dalila Adib at dalila.adib@rossini.fr.
We will complete reports for requested lots as quickly as possible.